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Yadda za a Ƙirƙirar API mai inganci RESTful? Menene Kwarewarku game da GraphQL?

Ƙirƙirar ingantaccen  API na RESTful  fasaha ce mai mahimmanci ga masu haɓaka ƙarshen baya. API ɗin ba gada ce kawai tsakanin abokin ciniki da uwar garken ba amma kuma yana tasiri kai tsaye performance, haɓakawa, da ƙwarewar mai amfani. Tare da RESTful APIs,  GraphQL  wata fitacciyar fasaha ce wacce yawancin masu haɓakawa ke ɗauka. Wannan labarin zai jagorance ku kan yadda ake ƙirƙira ingantaccen API na RESTful da raba fahimta game da GraphQL.

Ƙirƙirar API mai inganci RESTful

a. Bi ƙa'idodin REST

  • REST(Mai wakilta Jihar Canja wurin)  gine-ginen software ne bisa ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi. Don tsara ingantaccen API na RESTful, kuna buƙatar bin ƙa'idodi masu zuwa:

    • Stateless:  Kowane buƙatun abokin ciniki dole ne ya ƙunshi duk mahimman bayanai don uwar garken don aiwatar da shi. Sabar ba ta adana jihar abokin ciniki.

    • Client-Server:  Rarraba abokin ciniki da uwar garke don haɓakawa flexibility da haɓakawa.

    • Uniform Interface  Yi amfani da daidaitattun hanyoyin HTTP( GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) da daidaitattun tsarin URL .

    • Layered System:  Goyon bayan tsarin gine-gine, ba da damar abubuwa kamar proxies ko ma'aunin nauyi suyi aiki da kansu.

b. Zane URLs na Abokin Ciniki

  • URLs yakamata su kasance a sarari da sauƙin fahimta:  Misali,  /users  don dawo da jerin masu amfani,  /users/{id}  zuwa get bayani game da takamaiman mai amfani.

  • Yi amfani da sunaye maimakon kalmomi:  Misali,  /orders  maimakon  /getOrders.

  • URLs masu matsayi:  Misali,  /users/{id}/orders  don dawo da jerin umarni na mai amfani.

c. Yi amfani da Ingantattun Hanyoyin HTTP

  • GET:  Mai da bayanai(misali, ɗauko jerin masu amfani).

  • POST:  Ƙirƙiri sababbin bayanai(misali, ƙirƙirar sabon mai amfani).

  • PUT/PATCH:  Sabunta bayanai(PUT don cikakken ɗaukakawa, PATCH don sabuntawar wani ɓangare).

  • DELETE:  Share bayanai(misali, delete mai amfani).

d. Sarrafa API Versioning

  • Versioning:  Tabbatar cewa API na iya canzawa ba tare da karya tsofaffin abokan ciniki ba. Alal misali, amfani  /v1/users  ko da rubutun  Accept-Version: v1.

  • Backward Compatibility:  Goyan bayan tsofaffin sigogin na wani lokaci.

e. Magance Kurakurai yadda ya kamata

  • Lambobin Matsayi na HTTP:  Yi amfani da lambobi masu dacewa kamar  200  (nasara),  400  (kuskuren abokin ciniki),  500  (kuskuren uwar garke).

  • Share Saƙonnin Kuskure:  Koma dalla-dalla da saƙon kuskure masu fahimta. Misali:

    { "error": "Invalid input", "message": "The 'email' field is required." }

f. Aminta da API

  • Tabbatarwa da izini:  Yi amfani da hanyoyi kamar OAuth2 ko JWT don amincin mai amfani.

  • HTTPS:  Yi amfani da HTTPS koyaushe don ɓoye watsa bayanai.

  • Ƙayyadaddun ƙima:  Ƙayyade adadin buƙatun daga abokin ciniki don hana harin DDoS.

Kwarewa tare da GraphQL

a. Menene GraphQL?

  • GraphQL  shine yaren tambaya don APIs wanda Facebook ya haɓaka, yana bawa abokan ciniki damar buƙatar ainihin bayanan da suke buƙata.

  • Amfani:

    • Flexibility:  Abokan ciniki na iya buƙatar bayanan da ake buƙata kawai, rage canja wurin bayanai.

    • Single Endpoint: Ana buƙatar  madaidaicin ƙarshen() ɗaya /graphql maimakon maƙallan ƙarewa masu yawa kamar REST.

    • Strongly Typed:  GraphQL yana amfani da tsari don ayyana nau'ikan bayanai, yana ba da damar gano kuskuren farko.

b. Lokacin Amfani da GraphQL?

  • Lokacin da aikace-aikacen ke buƙatar ɗaukar bayanai daga tushe da yawa.

  • Lokacin da abokan ciniki ke buƙata flexibility a neman bayanai.

  • Lokacin da kake son rage adadin buƙatun da canja wurin bayanai.

c. Kalubale tare da GraphQL

  • Performance  Tambayoyi masu rikitarwa na iya dagula uwar garken idan ba a inganta su ba .

  • Caching:  Mafi ƙalubale fiye da REST saboda GraphQL's flexibility.

  • Learning Curve:  Yana buƙatar lokaci don get sanin ma'anar jumla da yadda yake aiki.

Kwatanta RESTful API da GraphQL

Ma'auni API ɗin RESTful GraphQL
Ƙarshen Ƙarshe Wuraren ƙarewa da yawa(misali,,  /users)  /orders Wuri ɗaya na ƙarshe( /graphql)
Flexibility Abokan ciniki suna karɓar duk bayanai daga uwar garken Abokan ciniki suna karɓar bayanan da suke buƙata kawai
Performance Ya dogara da ƙirar API Za a iya takura uwar garken idan ba a inganta shi ba
Caching Sauƙi don aiwatarwa caching Ƙarin ƙalubale saboda flexibility
Learning Curve Sauƙi don koyo da aiwatarwa Yana buƙatar lokaci don get sabawa

Kammalawa

  • API ɗin RESTful  ya dace da aikace-aikace masu sauƙi tare da buƙatu bayyanannu da sauƙin aiwatarwa.

  • GraphQL  ya dace don hadaddun aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar flexibility neman bayanai.

Dangane da bukatun aikin ku, zaku iya zaɓar tsakanin RESTful API da GraphQL. Idan kuna buƙata flexibility kuma babba performance, GraphQL babban zaɓi ne. A gefe guda, idan kuna buƙatar mafita mai sauƙi kuma mai sauƙi don aiwatarwa, RESTful API ya kasance babban zaɓi. Yi la'akari da zaɓuɓɓukanku a hankali don zaɓar fasaha mafi dacewa!